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The Introduction to Psychology Morgan King Pdf 14 by Arnold S. Bakker is a free downloadable PDF of the first half of the book. In this first half, you will learn about behaviorism, behavioral neuroscience, learning theory, cognitive psychology and human development from a behaviorist point of view. Processes such as attention and perception are also discussed in detail with regard to their usefulness for understanding human and animal behavior and development. Bakker introduces the topic, "Human behavior is not something that occurs in isolation." Because of recent advances in cognitive science and neurophysiology, we now know that human behavior (or any other living system) operates in a network of internal processes (attention, memory, perception) and external inputs (environment). Rather than studying behavior isolated from context, it is more appropriate to focus on how internal processes can influence actions despite external inputs. Thus it is no longer an either/or question: behavior (or any other living system) can be influenced by internal or external factors. The next chapter attempts to provide this knowledge in an introductory manner. It includes information about behaviorism, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and human development. In Chapter 3, the author state that the behaviorist school of psychology started with John B. Watson and that it stressed that behavior was regulated by external stimuli. The behaviorists emphasized a strong relationship between stimulus and response. It was a direct response to Freud's psychoanalytic theory which saw human beings as rational agents rather than as stimulus-response machines. Eventually Watson came to believe in a combination of both external stimuli and internal mental representations of those stimuli which was eventually called Dialectical Behaviorism by B. F. Skinner. In Chapter 4, Bakker discusses Skinner's behaviorism and the role of the environment in behavior. He states that Skinner thought that all behavior was determined by external stimuli and environmental stimuli and that behavioral dispositions were the result of past learning. This theory is called instrumental conditioning because it is concerned with consequences or consequences is consequences of behaviors observed in real life situations. Chapter 5 describes the concept of operant conditioning which started when Edward Thorndike observed different kinds of responses to operants rats would make when given food after their reactions to other kinds of stimuli had been observed. After studying the effects of different stimuli on lever pressing, Thorndike concluded that a response was associated with a stimulus if it decreased the time until a reward was made available. Bakker then starts to describe John Watson's views in which he proposed that human behavior is determined by external stimuli rather than internal mental processes. In this chapter, many principles of behaviorism are summarized such as: 1. The mind is not the cause of behavior 2. All behavior can be traced back to its genetic and environmental causes. 3. The environment shapes, controls and determines all our behaviors 4. There is no supernatural element involved in human nature or any other living system including plants and animals 5. cfa1e77820
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